Suicide is a deeply painful and complex issue that affects millions of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 720,000 people die by suicide every year globally, making it a major public health concern. In the U.S. alone, suicide ranks as the eleventh leading cause of death overall, and the second leading cause of death for those between the ages of 10 and 34.
Raising awareness about suicide can save lives. By understanding who is most at risk, recognizing the warning signs, and knowing what interventions and treatments are available, we can better support those struggling and help reduce the stigma surrounding mental health.
What Groups are at increased risk for suicide?
Suicide does not discriminate—it can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic background. However, certain groups are statistically at higher risk.
- Young People and Adolescents
Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. among individuals ages 10 to 34. Factors such as bullying, academic and career pressure, identity struggles, and family conflict can contribute to mental health challenges in this age group. - Older Adults
According to a 2023 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), among adults age 55 and older in 2021, the suicide rate for men was 29.6 deaths per 100,000 population, and the rate for women was 6.2. People over the age of 55 may face isolation, declining physical health, bereavement, or loss of purpose, all of which can contribute to depression and suicidal ideation. - LGBTQ+ Individuals
Members of the LGBTQ+ community are significantly more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, plans, or attempts. This health disparity results from several factors, including potential discrimination, social isolation, and social stigma. - Veterans and Active-Duty Military
Veterans and military personnel are at increased risk for suicide due to exposure to trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and difficulties transitioning to civilian life. - Indigenous Communities
American Indian and Alaska Native populations have some of the highest suicide rates in the country. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among American Indian and Alaska Native youth ages 8 to 24, and American Indian and Alaska Native youth aged 10-24 have the highest rate of suicide of all demographic groups. Historical trauma, poverty, and limited access to mental health resources contribute to this crisis.
Risk factors and warning signs of suicide
Risk factors are characteristics that increase a person’s vulnerability to suicide over time and compared to the general population. Warning signs are more immediate and are changes in behavior that could indicate that a person is at a more imminent risk for suicide. As noted above, some populations are at increased overall risk of suicide. Suicide rates can vary by culture, country and even differ by state. Certain other factors increase the risk for suicide further:
Risk factors
- Previous suicide attempts
- Mental health disorders (depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia)
- Substance use
- Chronic pain or illness
- Access to lethal means, such as firearms
- Recent psychiatric hospitalization
- History of childhood abuse
Warning Signs
While not everyone who is thinking about suicide shows outward signs, many do. Recognizing these warning signs can be the first step in preventing a tragedy.
Interpersonal and communication warning signs
- Talking about wanting to die or expressing hopelessness
- Expressions such as “I can’t go on,” or “The world would be better without me”
- Withdrawing from friends, family, or social activities
- Giving away possessions or saying goodbye
- Being a burden to others
- Reckless or self-destructive behavior
- Looking at ways to end one’s life, such as searching online for methods
- Intense shame or humiliation
Physical and behavioral warning signs
- Changes in sleep patterns (sleeping too much or too little)
- Noticeable weight loss or gain
- Sudden changes in behavior or mood, especially extreme sadness or anger
- Increased substance use
If you notice these signs in someone you care about—or in yourself—don’t ignore them. Early intervention can save lives.
Suicide prevention and intervention
Preventing suicide starts with connection and awareness. Whether you’re concerned about a friend or family member, or you’re struggling yourself, there are steps you can take.
1. Start the conversation
It may feel uncomfortable, but talking openly about suicidal thoughts can help someone feel seen and supported. Use calm, nonjudgmental language. You might say:
- “I’ve noticed you’ve been struggling lately—do you want to talk?”
- “Are you thinking about hurting yourself?”
Asking someone if they’re suicidal does not increase the risk—it shows you care.
2. Listen without judgment
Let the person talk about their feelings. Don’t interrupt or try to “fix” things immediately. Sometimes, being heard is the most powerful form of support.
3. Seek professional help
Encourage them to speak with a mental health professional. A therapist, psychologist, or counselor can assess their risk and help develop a treatment plan.
4. Remove access to means
If someone is at immediate risk, do what you can to remove access to weapons, medications, or other potentially lethal means.
5. Find available resources
You can reach out to the following are organizations if you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide:
- Emergency Services: Call 911 if a person is in immediate danger
- National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: Call or text 988
- Crisis Text Line: Text “HELLO” to 741741
- The Trevor Project (LGBTQ+ Youth): Call 1-866-488-7386 or text “START” to 678-678
- Veterans Crisis Line: Dial 988, then press 1
Treatment options for suicidal thoughts
Addressing suicidal ideation requires a comprehensive approach that includes emotional support, professional treatment, and sometimes medication. Effective treatments can include:
Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps individuals challenge negative thought patterns and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is particularly effective for those with borderline personality disorder or chronic suicidal thoughts.
- Supportive psychotherapy helps individuals with their emotional and psychological functioning by improving self-esteem and coping skills, while using a supportive therapeutic relationship to help manage crises.
Medication
Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to help manage underlying mental health conditions.
Hospitalization or crisis stabilization
In acute situations, hospitalization may be necessary to ensure safety and provide immediate care. Many hospitals have psychiatric units equipped for short-term crisis intervention.
Peer support and support groups
Support groups provide a safe space to connect with others who understand. Many mental health organizations offer both in-person and virtual groups.
How you can help reduce suicide stigma
Stigma surrounding suicide and mental illness often prevents people from seeking help. Here’s how we can all contribute to a more understanding and supportive culture:
- Talk about mental health openly and compassionately
- Avoid using language that shames (“committed suicide”) and instead say “died by suicide”
- Share accurate information and resources for help
- Advocate for better mental health services in your community
Resources for suicide prevention and support
Approaching the topic of suicide requires empathy, understanding, and compassion. Suicide is preventable, and no one has to face it alone. If you or a loved one is having thoughts of suicide or experiencing a crisis, you can call or text 988 to reach the suicide and crisis lifeline or visit their website to start a chat. You can also reach Vaya Health’s 24/7 Behavioral Health Crisis Line at 1-800-849-6127, available seven days a week, including holidays.
